Porcelain enamelware and method of forming the same



April 937. D. D. WHEELER 5 2,076,329

PORCELAIN ENAMELWARE AND METHOD OF FORMING THE SAME Filed Jan. 15, 1932IN V EN TOR.

ATTORNEYS.

Patented Apr. 6, 1937 UNITED STATES PORCELAIN ENAMELWARE AND METHOD OFFORMING THE SAME Daniel D. Wheeler, Erie, Pa., assignor to The ErieEnameling Company, Erie, Pa., a corporation of Pennsylvania ApplicationJanuary 15, 1932, Serial No. 586,934

11 Claims.

In the making of porcelain enamel it is usual to apply several coats,firing the initial coat prior to the application of the second coat.Efforts have heretofore been made to give to an enamel finish a pebbleappearance. In the effort to accomplish this there has been applied apebble coat of material other than the enamel material and this has notbeen entirely satisfactory because of the lack of complete fusion infiring and a result- 10 ant unsatisfactory surface. -In carrying out mymethod I apply the initial, or base coat of the enamel and dry this coatwithout firing it. I then apply the second coat and added coats, ifdesired. Ifind that this method produces a tougher enamel than thatwhich is fired after each coat. It has, however, a very definite addedutility in that it makes it possible to give to the enamel surface apebble finish appearance. In carrying out my invention in this respect Iapply the 20 second coat to the dry first coat in pebbled, or

stippled form. This may be accomplished by setting the ordinary airbrush for very coarse delivery of the material, that is to say, so thatthe material is really delivered in the form of globules 25 and isordinarily referred to as a stippled setting. Where this manner ofapplying the second coat is used upon a first coat that has been firedthe initial protuberances thus formed immediately fiow and level out, orwhere this second coat is 30 applied to a wet first coat, there issubstantially the same result, that is to say, a levelling out of theprotuberances, or globules. By applying the second coat in stipple formon the dry base coat the dry coat takes up the moisture from the 35stippled coat with sufiicient rapidity to prevent the flow and levellingout of the material prior to its reaching a state through the giving upof its moisture which will retain it with the pebbled, or stippledfinish.

40 In order to preserve this pebble finish, or appearance, in the finalproduct, I color the slopes of the protuberances facing one generaldirection. This can be readily accomplished by applying a third coat tothe stippled, or pebbled finish with a spray brush at a pronouncedinclination to the surface and from one general direction. Here againthe dry under-coat absorbs moisture from this coloring material withsufiicient rapidity to maintain it on the slopes originally applied.

50 After the application of the color coat, the coats are then fired andas the porcelain melts and fuses under the heat the protuberances formedin the stipple coat level out and flow to a smooth surface, but theshading which is accom- 55 plished by applying the coloring material tothe slopes facing one general direction remains and gives to thefinished article depth or a pebbled appearance, the'shading followingthe contours and outlining each of the original protuberances and thedepth of color varying with the inclination of those slopes so that thefinal. appearance follows very definitely the stippled, or pebbledappearance which obtained prior to the firing.

The invention and manner of practicing it is illustrated in theaccompanying drawing as follows:-

Fig. 1 shows an elevation of the finished plate.

Fig. 2 a section of the plate with the application of the first coat.

Fig. 3 a section of the plate after the application of the second coat.

Fig. 4 a section indicating the manner of application and the materialafter the application of the third coat.

Fig. 5 a section of the finished plate.

I marks the metal plate forming the base of the enamel ware, 2 thefirst. coat, 3 the second, or stipple coat, 4 the third or color coat,and 5 the fired, or coat in its finished condition. In Fig. 3 I haveshown a nozzle of a brush S'indicating the inclination and manner. ofapplying the color coat.

Preferably the color is applied so that in its normal use it is observedin a direction opposite to that from which the color material isapplied. The shading so observed seems to heighten the pebbled, orstippled appearance.

One of the important features of this method is that the several coatsare of the same general constituents as ordinary, or standard enamel, asfor instance, 100 parts of frit, 6 parts clay, 6 parts coloring oxide,and part of carbonate of magnes1a.

What I claim as new is:-

1. In the method of producing an article having 40 a vitreous enamelfinish, the steps which comprise depositing on an article base a wetcoat of vitreous enamel material, drying said coat at least to someextent, forming a rough surface on said dried coat by depositingglobules of liquid enamel material, the dried coat absorbing at leastpart of the liquid component from said globules and thereby drying them,applying to the resulting dried masses at an angle a color stable at thefiring temperature, and contrasting with the predetermined color of themasses, and firing the so treated article to produce a fused surfacehaving the visual appearance of depth and roughness. I

2. An ornamental article of manufacture havabsorbing moisture ing afused vitreous enamel finish, comprising an article base provided withsmall raised masses of vitreous material of a ,predetermined color, saidraised masses having one common side thereof coated with a colorcontrasting with the predetermined color of the raised masses and theiropposite common sides uncoated said article while having a fusedsurface, giving the visual appearance of depth and roughness.

3. An ornamental article of manufacture having a porcelain enamel finishcomprising an article base provided with small raised masses ofporcelain enamel material of a predetermined color, said raised masseshaving one side thereof coated with a color contrasting with thepredetermined color of the raised masses and the opposite common sideuncoated, said article having a fused surface giving the appearance ofdepth and roughness.

4. In the method of forming a porcelain enamel finish, the stepcomprising applying a wet coat of porcelain enamel in globular form to adry unfired coat of porcelain enamel,

5. In the method of forming a porcelain enamel finish, the stepscomprising applying a wet coat of porcelain enamel in globular form to adry unfired coat of porcelain enamel, said dry coat absorbing moisturefrom the globular material and providing a pebbled finish, andthereafter applying a color coat to the pebbled coat of enamel.

6. In the method of forming a porcelain enamel finish, the stepscomprising applying a wet coat of porcelain enamel in globular form to adry unfired coat of porcelain enamel, said dry coat from the globularmaterial and providing a pebbled finish, thereafter applying a colorcoat to the pebbled coat of enamel and firing the three coatssimultaneously.

7. In the method of amel finish, the steps comprising applying a wetcoat'of porcelain enamel in globulafform to a dry unfired coat ofporcelain enamel, said dry coat absorbing moisture from the globularmaterial to allow the formation of pebbled protuberances from saidglobular material, and thereafter applying a color coat of enamel toeach common side of each protuberance, leaving each respective oppositeside of each protuberance uncoated, and firing the so-treated material.

8. In the method of producing an article having a vitreous enamelfinish, the steps which com prise depositing on an article base a wetcoat of vitreous enamel material, drying said coat to such an extent asto take up moisture from a subsequently applied globular coat with suchrapidity as to substantially inhibit the flow and leveling out of theglobules of said coat and allow the same to retain its globular orstippled state, forming a rough surface on said dried coat by depositingglobules of vitreous material, applying to the resulting dried masses atan angle a color stable at the firing temperature and contrastingcomprise depositing on an I terial, applying forming a porcelain enwiththe predetermined color of the masses, and firing the so-treated articleto produce a fused surface having the visual appearance of depth androughness.

9. In the method of producing an article having a porcelain enamelfinish, the steps which article base a wet coat of porcelain enamelmaterial, drying said coat to such an extent as to take from asubsequently applied globular coat with such rapidity as tosubstantially inhibit the flow and leveling out of the globules of saidcoat and allow the same to retain its globular or stippled state,forming a rough surface on said dried coat by depositing globules ofporcelain enamel mato the resulting dried masses at an angle a colorstable at the firing temperature and contrasting with the predeterminedcolor of the masses, and firing the so-treated article to produce afused surface having the visual appearance of depth and roughness.

10. In the method of producing an article having a vitreous enamelfinish, the steps which comprise depositing on an article base a wetcoat of vitreous enamel material, drying said coat to such an extent asto take up moisture from a subsequently applied globular coat with suchrapidity as to substantially inhibit the flow and leveling out of theglobules of said coat and allow the same to retain its globular orstippled state, forming a rough surface on said dried coat by depositingglobules of vitreous material, applying to the resulting dried masses atan angle a color coat stable at the temperature of firing so that whenthe article before firing is viewed in one direction it appearspredominantly of one color, and when viewed in a substantially oppositedirection, the article appears predominantly of another color, andfiring the so-treated article to produce a fused surface having thevisual appearance of depth and roughness.

11. In the method of producing an article having a porcelain enamelfinish, the steps which comprise depositing on an article base a wetcoat of porcelain enamel material, drying said coat to such an extent asto take up moisture from a subsequently applied globular coat with suchra-- pidity as to substantially inhibit the flow and leveling out of theglobules of said coat and allow the same to retain its globular orstippled state, forming a rough surface on said dried coat by depositingglobulesof porcelain enamel matcrial,'applying to the resulting driedmasses at an angle a color coat stable at the temperature of firing sothat when the article before firing is viewed in one direction itappears predominantly of one color, and when viewed in a substantiallyopposite direction, the 'article appears predominantly of another color,and firing the so-treated article to produce a fused surface having thevisual appearance of depth and roughness.

DANIEL D. WHEELER.

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